Global maps of soil temperature

Item

Title
Global maps of soil temperature
Global Change Biology
Creator
Jonas J. Lembrechts
Johan van den Hoogen
Juha Aalto
Michael B. Ashcroft
Pieter De Frenne
Julia Kemppinen
Martin Kopecký
Miska Luoto
Ilya M. D. Maclean
Thomas W. Crowther
Joseph J. Bailey
Stef Haesen
David H. Klinges
Pekka Niittynen
Brett R. Scheffers
Koenraad Van Meerbeek
Peter Aartsma
Otar Abdalaze
Mehdi Abedi
Rien Aerts
Negar Ahmadian
Antje Ahrends
Juha M. Alatalo
Jake M. Alexander
Camille Nina Allonsius
Jan Altman
Christof Ammann
Christian Andres
Christopher Andrews
Jonas Ardö
Nicola Arriga
Alberto Arzac
Valeria Aschero
Rafael L. Assis
Jakob Johann Assmann
Maaike Y. Bader
Khadijeh Bahalkeh
Peter Barančok
Isabel C. Barrio
Agustina Barros
Matti Barthel
Edmund W. Basham
Marijn Bauters
Manuele Bazzichetto
Luca Belelli Marchesini
Michael C. Bell
Juan C. Benavides
José Luis Benito Alonso
Bernd J. Berauer
Jarle W. Bjerke
Robert G. Björk
Mats P. Björkman
Katrin Björnsdóttir
Benjamin Blonder
Pascal Boeckx
Julia Boike
Stef Bokhorst
Bárbara N. S. Brum
Josef Brůna
Nina Buchmann
Pauline Buysse
José Luís Camargo
Otávio C. Campoe
Onur Candan
Rafaella Canessa
Nicoletta Cannone
Michele Carbognani
Jofre Carnicer
Angélica Casanova-Katny
Simone Cesarz
Bogdan Chojnicki
Philippe Choler
Steven L. Chown
Edgar F. Cifuentes
Marek Čiliak
Tamara Contador
Peter Convey
Elisabeth J. Cooper
Edoardo Cremonese
Salvatore R. Curasi
Robin Curtis
Maurizio Cutini
C. Johan Dahlberg
Gergana N. Daskalova
Miguel Angel de Pablo
Stefano Della Chiesa
Jürgen Dengler
Bart Deronde
Patrice Descombes
Valter Di Cecco
Michele Di Musciano
Jan Dick
Romina D. Dimarco
Jiri Dolezal
Ellen Dorrepaal
Jiří Dušek
Nico Eisenhauer
Lars Eklundh
Todd E. Erickson
Brigitta Erschbamer
Werner Eugster
Robert M. Ewers
Dan A. Exton
Nicolas Fanin
Fatih Fazlioglu
Iris Feigenwinter
Giuseppe Fenu
Olga Ferlian
M. Rosa Fernández Calzado
Eduardo Fernández-Pascual
Manfred Finckh
Rebecca Finger Higgens
T'ai G. W. Forte
Erika C. Freeman
Esther R. Frei
Eduardo Fuentes-Lillo
Rafael A. García
María B. García
Charly Géron
Mana Gharun
Dany Ghosn
Khatuna Gigauri
Anne Gobin
Ignacio Goded
Mathias Goeckede
Felix Gottschall
Keith Goulding
Sanne Govaert
Bente Jessen Graae
Sarah Greenwood
Caroline Greiser
Achim Grelle
Benoit Guénard
Mauro Guglielmin
Joannès Guillemot
Peter Haase
Sylvia Haider
Aud H. Halbritter
Maroof Hamid
Albin Hammerle
Arndt Hampe
Siri V. Haugum
Lucia Hederová
Bernard Heinesch
Carole Helfter
Daniel Hepenstrick
Maximiliane Herberich
Mathias Herbst
Luise Hermanutz
David S. Hik
Raúl Hoffrén
Jürgen Homeier
Lukas Hörtnagl
Toke T. Høye
Filip Hrbacek
Kristoffer Hylander
Hiroki Iwata
Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski
Hervé Jactel
Järvi Järveoja
Szymon Jastrzębowski
Anke Jentsch
Juan J. Jiménez
Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir
Tommaso Jucker
Alistair S. Jump
Radoslaw Juszczak
Róbert Kanka
Vít Kašpar
George Kazakis
Julia Kelly
Anzar A. Khuroo
Leif Klemedtsson
Marcin Klisz
Natascha Kljun
Alexander Knohl
Johannes Kobler
Jozef Kollár
Martyna M. Kotowska
Bence Kovács
Juergen Kreyling
Andrea Lamprecht
Simone I. Lang
Christian Larson
Keith Larson
Kamil Laska
Guerric le Maire
Rachel I. Leihy
Luc Lens
Bengt Liljebladh
Annalea Lohila
Juan Lorite
Benjamin Loubet
Joshua Lynn
Martin Macek
Roy Mackenzie
Enzo Magliulo
Regine Maier
Francesco Malfasi
František Máliš
Matěj Man
Giovanni Manca
Antonio Manco
Tanguy Manise
Paraskevi Manolaki
Felipe Marciniak
Radim Matula
Ana Clara Mazzolari
Sergiy Medinets
Volodymyr Medinets
Camille Meeussen
Sonia Merinero
Rita de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita
Katrin Meusburger
Filip J. R. Meysman
Sean T. Michaletz
Ann Milbau
Dmitry Moiseev
Pavel Moiseev
Andrea Mondoni
Ruth Monfries
Leonardo Montagnani
Mikel Moriana-Armendariz
Umberto Morra di Cella
Martin Mörsdorf
Jonathan R. Mosedale
Lena Muffler
Miriam Muñoz-Rojas
Jonathan A. Myers
Isla H. Myers-Smith
Laszlo Nagy
Marianna Nardino
Ilona Naujokaitis-Lewis
Emily Newling
Lena Nicklas
Georg Niedrist
Armin Niessner
Mats B. Nilsson
Signe Normand
Marcelo D. Nosetto
Yann Nouvellon
Martin A. Nuñez
Romà Ogaya
Jérôme Ogée
Joseph Okello
Janusz Olejnik
Jørgen Eivind Olesen
Øystein H. Opedal
Simone Orsenigo
Andrej Palaj
Timo Pampuch
Alexey V. Panov
Meelis Pärtel
Ada Pastor
Aníbal Pauchard
Harald Pauli
Marian Pavelka
William D. Pearse
Matthias Peichl
Loïc Pellissier
Rachel M. Penczykowski
Josep Penuelas
Matteo Petit Bon
Alessandro Petraglia
Shyam S. Phartyal
Gareth K. Phoenix
Casimiro Pio
Andrea Pitacco
Camille Pitteloud
Roman Plichta
Francesco Porro
Miguel Portillo-Estrada
Jérôme Poulenard
Rafael Poyatos
Anatoly S. Prokushkin
Radoslaw Puchalka
Mihai Pușcaș
Dajana Radujković
Krystal Randall
Amanda Ratier Backes
Sabine Remmele
Wolfram Remmers
David Renault
Anita C. Risch
Christian Rixen
Sharon A. Robinson
Bjorn J. M. Robroek
Adrian V. Rocha
Christian Rossi
Graziano Rossi
Olivier Roupsard
Alexey V. Rubtsov
Patrick Saccone
Clotilde Sagot
Jhonatan Sallo Bravo
Cinthya C. Santos
Judith M. Sarneel
Tobias Scharnweber
Jonas Schmeddes
Marius Schmidt
Thomas Scholten
Max Schuchardt
Naomi Schwartz
Tony Scott
Julia Seeber
Ana Cristina Segalin de Andrade
Tim Seipel
Philipp Semenchuk
Rebecca A. Senior
Josep M. Serra-Diaz
Piotr Sewerniak
Ankit Shekhar
Nikita V. Sidenko
Lukas Siebicke
Laura Siegwart Collier
Elizabeth Simpson
David P. Siqueira
Zuzana Sitková
Johan Six
Marko Smiljanic
Stuart W. Smith
Sarah Smith-Tripp
Ben Somers
Mia Vedel Sørensen
José João L. L. Souza
Bartolomeu Israel Souza
Arildo Souza Dias
Marko J. Spasojevic
James D. M. Speed
Fabien Spicher
Angela Stanisci
Klaus Steinbauer
Rainer Steinbrecher
Michael Steinwandter
Michael Stemkovski
Jörg G. Stephan
Christian Stiegler
Stefan Stoll
Martin Svátek
Miroslav Svoboda
Torbern Tagesson
Andrew J. Tanentzap
Franziska Tanneberger
Jean-Paul Theurillat
Haydn J. D. Thomas
Andrew D. Thomas
Katja Tielbörger
Marcello Tomaselli
Urs Albert Treier
Mario Trouillier
Pavel Dan Turtureanu
Rosamond Tutton
Vilna A. Tyystjärvi
Masahito Ueyama
Karol Ujházy
Mariana Ujházyová
Domas Uogintas
Anastasiya V. Urban
Josef Urban
Marek Urbaniak
Tudor-Mihai Ursu
Francesco Primo Vaccari
Stijn Van de Vondel
Liesbeth van den Brink
Maarten Van Geel
Vigdis Vandvik
Pieter Vangansbeke
Andrej Varlagin
G. F. Veen
Elmar Veenendaal
Susanna E. Venn
Hans Verbeeck
Erik Verbrugggen
Frank G. A. Verheijen
Luis Villar
Luca Vitale
Pascal Vittoz
Maria Vives-Ingla
Jonathan von Oppen
Josefine Walz
Runxi Wang
Yifeng Wang
Robert G. Way
Ronja E. M. Wedegärtner
Robert Weigel
Jan Wild
Matthew Wilkinson
Martin Wilmking
Lisa Wingate
Manuela Winkler
Sonja Wipf
Georg Wohlfahrt
Georgios Xenakis
Yan Yang
Zicheng Yu
Kailiang Yu
Florian Zellweger
Jian Zhang
Zhaochen Zhang
Peng Zhao
Klaudia Ziemblińska
Reiner Zimmermann
Shengwei Zong
Viacheslav I. Zyryanov
Ivan Nijs
Jonathan Lenoir
Subject
bioclimatic variables
global maps
microclimate
near-surface temperatures
soil temperature
soil-dwelling organisms
temperature offset
weather stations
Date
2022
doi
10.1111/gcb.16060
Abstract
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.